LLM bias judges name groups instead of saying 'unknown', refusing only 0.4% of the time

ZhijingJin · x · 2026-10-27

A University of Toronto/Vector Institute study at EMNLP 2026 Findings introduces "second-order bias": social bias in how LLM judges evaluate biased content. Asked who would accept a biased text with no demographics given (correct answer: unknown), models name a group anyway — often a dominant one — and refuse only 0.4% of the time. Grounded in entitlement epistemology, the task evades safety guardrails and reveals models' implicit social maps. Code is open-sourced.

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