First-token cueing probe shows many LLM factual errors are recall failures, not missing knowledge

SeoulNatlUniv · hf · 2026-10-22

Seoul National University researchers show many closed-book LLM factual errors are first-token recall failures: once the model commits to a wrong first token it errs, but prefilling the correct first token lets it complete and recognize the right answer. Analogous to human tip-of-the-tongue states, First-Token Cueing serves as a behavioral probe to distinguish missing knowledge from failed recall.

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