System design in 11 stages: a full map from architecture basics to observability
goyalshaliniuk · x · 2026-10-23
A breakdown of the 11 key stages of system design, framed as both an interview guide and a real-world architecture reference:
- Basics: scalability, monolith vs microservices, proxies, load balancers
- Networking: IP/firewalls, REST vs gRPC, TLS, API gateways, service discovery
- Caching: Redis, TTL, invalidation, CDN, local vs global cache
- Load balancing: Round Robin, Least Connections, sticky sessions, health checks
- Data management: SQL/NoSQL, ACID vs BASE, sharding, replication, partitioning
- Async processing: queues, event-driven architecture, Pub/Sub, outbox pattern, event sourcing
- Storage: S3/BLOBs, data lakes, chunking/compression, consistent hashing
- Consistency & availability: consensus protocols, distributed locks, vector clocks, quorum
- Resiliency: retries, circuit breakers, bulkheads, chaos engineering, graceful degradation
- Observability: metrics, traces, ELK, OpenTelemetry, alerting
- Security: OAuth, JWTs, RBAC, CSRF/XSS, TLS, identity providers
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