Kundaje: scFMs trained on observational data cannot learn causal effects reliably

anshulkundaje · x · 2026-10-06

In post 4 of his critique thread, Anshul Kundaje states his central methodological point: scFMs trained on observational data do not and cannot learn causal effects in any reliable fashion, and thus can't be used directly for perturbation prediction or causal discovery. Context from post 3: the paper only shows fine-tuned scFMs beating trivial baselines under updated metrics, which doesn't vindicate the scFM route.

Related event: Stanford's Kundaje Attacks Single-Cell Foundation Models and 'Virtual Cell' Hype in 12-Tweet Thread(12 posts)→

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