Keys Not Included: Researchers Recover Signing Keys for US Driver's License Barcodes

Ryan5453 · hn · 2026-09-17

In the blog post Keys Not Included, Ryan demonstrates that the digital signature scheme used in US driver's license PDF417 barcodes can be reversed: the signing keys used to issue the barcodes can be recovered from publicly available hardware and software materials, theoretically enabling forged barcodes with 'valid' signatures.

The write-up walks through the technical path to key recovery, the tools and verification process, and common weaknesses in how states manage key material for ID issuance. The findings directly challenge the security of barcode-based ID verification systems used at bars, banks, and age checks.

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