OpenAI researcher: training an N-1 frontier model is easy, only the marginal frontier is hard

willdepue · x · 2026-09-07

OpenAI researcher Will Depue argues that training an N-1 frontier model isn't hard — only training the marginal frontier model is. Knowledge diffuses quickly, large GPU clusters are increasingly available and distributed across neutral countries, and it's 'not that hard for anyone to stand up' the capacity.

The claim pushes back on the view that countries without frontier models lack a path to catching up, implying the frontier moat narrows over time.

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