Five-Year Retrospective Argues ML-Assisted Directed Evolution Ignores Real-World Costs

anshulkundaje · x · 2026-09-06

Bruce Wittmann published a five-year retrospective on arXiv examining why machine learning has transformed much of protein engineering but not directed evolution. He argues the core problem is misaligned objectives: MLDE researchers optimize for 'identify an optimal protein' while practitioners need 'a sufficient protein under time and resource constraints.' He highlights that nearly all current MLDE methods ignore DNA synthesis costs, limiting practical applicability regardless of model quality, and points to recent exceptions while arguing the proposed reframing is compatible with existing ML progress.

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