Keras Creator: Test-Time Training Is the Next Frontier for LLMs

fchollet · x · 2026-08-13

François Chollet points out that current mainstream test-time compute (like NL reasoning) is computationally equivalent to test-time search. He argues that test-time training (TTT), which leverages precious gradient signals, is a major avenue that shouldn't be wasted.

He previously noted that the paradigm of simply pretraining larger models is dead, shifting focus toward TTT and neurosymbolic approaches like program synthesis and symbolic tool use. Although TTT currently shines mostly on ARC datasets, he believes it has great potential to become mainstream.

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