How Middle Powers Shape and Influence Frontier AI Development

Manderljung · x · 2026-07-09

The author points out that "middle powers" beyond the US and China already have a substantial impact on AI development and can play an even larger role. The article outlines six core arguments: 1. The UK AISI, AI Summits, and EU legislation have successfully influenced frontier model development; 2. Middle powers hold hard leverage (accounting for a combined global GDP greater than the US and China, and controlling supply chains like ASML lithography machines, Korean memory chips, and TSMC manufacturing); 3. They can expand their influence by building data centers, attracting talent, and direct investment (e.g., SoftBank's stake in OpenAI); 4. They can exert influence through market mechanisms without hard power (e.g., the "Brussels Effect"); 5. They can directly mitigate specific risks in areas like cybersecurity, biosecurity, and interpretability; 6. They can collaborate by unilaterally recognizing compliance, pushing for new commitments, or forming a "frontier model buyers' club."

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