s³: cooperative multi-agent RL lets swarms self-organize, beating baselines 25x

omarsar0 · x · 2026-11-09

A University of Washington / Allen AI paper introduces s³, the first multi-agent RL method where agents learn when to work alone, share findings, or read teammates' work via cooperative RL with no predefined roles. At matched budgets, swarms at 2x training size solve over 25x more coordination problems than the strongest baseline; communicating agents cut duplicated work by 50% and beat best-of-N by up to 9.4 points.

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