Schmidhuber revives his 1991 fast weight programmers: the first linear Transformer variant

SchmidhuberAI · x · 2026-11-03

Jürgen Schmidhuber reposted his blog essay arguing that today's linear attention work is "old hat": his 1991 Fast Weight Programmers were the first Transformer variant — an unnormalised linear Transformer that is mathematically equivalent to modern approaches, with costs scaling linearly rather than quadratically due to compute constraints of the era. The same year he also introduced self-supervised pre-training for deep networks, the "P" in GPT. The post connects fast weights to metalearning, where a feedforward net learns to program the fast weights of another net, separating storage and control like a classical computer.

Related event: Schmidhuber Reiterates Fast Weights as 1991 Transformer Precursor(2 posts)→

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