Historian uses GPT-6 and Opus 5.5 to decode 17th-century ciphers and trace Darwin's sources

emollick · x · 2026-09-25

Ethan Mollick shares historian Benjamin Breen's essay arguing AI labs should fund historical research. Using the newly released GPT-6 Sol and Opus 5.5, Breen went beyond transcription to attack open problems: decoding John Dee's ciphers and tracing alchemical influences on Darwin. He lays out when LLMs gain traction in the humanities — expert-identified problems, fully digitized data, fit with multilingual reasoning and autonomous search, bespoke code, and crucially provable/disprovable solutions (why reasoning models ran rampant in math but not the humanities). His conclusion: historian teams paired with frontier models would yield many meaningful advances, and labs and funders should actively pursue this.

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