A $30B trial-design blunder: the case for translational AI in pharma

hardimanjames · x · 2026-09-25

@MattyKirsh uses the PD1 race as a counterfactual: BMS's Opdivo trial targeted a broader population (>5% PD-L1) while Merck's Keytruda was more selective (>50%), and Merck's readout crushed BMS's with a 0.6 vs 1.02 OS hazard ratio. Keytruda became a $30B drug vs Opdivo's $10B. The NPV lost from that single trial-design decision may be on the order of $30B — exactly the call strong translational AI could improve, making translational AI partnerships a massive edge for pharmas with competing programs.

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