From VPG to GRPO: the clean evolution of RL algorithms behind LLM training

cwolferesearch · x · 2026-09-25

A clear lineage of RL algorithms used to train LLMs: VPG → REINFORCE → PPO → GRPO. VPG gives the policy gradient foundation; REINFORCE makes it computable via Monte Carlo sampling; actor-critic/PPO uses a value function as baseline with clipped conservative updates; GRPO removes the critic entirely, estimating advantages from group-relative rewards over multiple completions per prompt. The progression is driven by reducing gradient variance and training overhead.

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