New paper: 'Embodied Hijack' explains why users keep anthropomorphizing disembodied LLMs

MacrinePhD · x · 2026-09-24

A hypothesis-and-theory article by Sheila Macrine (UMass Dartmouth) in Frontiers in Psychology argues that the standard 'naive anthropomorphism' account is incomplete: across evolutionary time, fluent, responsive communication came only from embodied, self-maintaining agents, and conversational LLMs are the first entity class to reproduce those social signals without the grounding properties — biological self-maintenance, vulnerability, temporal continuity — that historically produced them. This 'Embodied Hijack' exploits evolved social-cue detection, explaining why anthropomorphism persists even among users who know the system has no inner life.

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