Models Don't Have Agency. Systems Do. — a structural take on where agentic behavior really lives

sethjuarez · x · 2026-09-03

In an 18-minute essay, Seth Juarez argues that language models only emit tokens and never gain agency: everything "agentic" comes from a runtime that shapes those tokens into executable intent. Drawing on the philosophy of action, he defines an agent as a being whose actions arise from intention — a test the model itself fails. The key gap: ask a model to book a flight and it produces a friendly sentence a human can act on, but a program can't reliably extract destination, date and time from it. The fix isn't making the model smarter but constraining the shape of what it may say, moving from word to structure to function so the runtime can act. This structured handoff, not the model, is where agency lives.

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