Jie Tang on scaling history: FLOPs were intelligence, parameters were knowledge

cedric_chee · x · 2026-08-21

Jie Tang highlighted a discussion on the history of scaling laws. Liam Fedus recalled 2020's Switch Transformers: fewer than 3B activated parameters out of 1.6T total (comparable to today's frontier models). It beat T5 on C4 perplexity with far less compute and set a TriviaQA SOTA, yet failed badly on reasoning tasks like SuperGLUE.

The lesson: the optimal tokens-per-parameter ratio is highly task-dependent. Or as Shazeer intuited: FLOPs were intelligence; parameters were knowledge.

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