Keras Creator Admits Underestimating LLMs, Cites o3 Breakthrough as Turning Point

khademinori · x · 2026-08-07

François Chollet tweeted to clarify that he underestimated the long-term importance of LLMs back in early 2023. He admitted he initially didn't see LLMs working as a base for systems capable of fluid intelligence, and only changed his mind in late 2024 following the o3 test-time compute breakthrough. However, he emphasized that the early 2023 narrative—that merely scaling up base LLMs would solve AGI—did not pan out. New ideas and capabilities like TTC (test-time compute) and Harnesses are crucial to recent breakthroughs.

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