Keras Creator François Chollet: Test-Time Compute Scaling Has 10-100x Left to Deliver
fchollet · x · 2026-08-02
François Chollet, creator of Keras, revisits his December 2024 predictions, reaffirming his optimism on AI scaling.
He highlights three core takes: "there will be no wall", "test-time search (TTA) will drive continued scaling", and "the world will run out of GPUs again".
Addressing community critiques of his past skepticism towards base LLMs, Chollet clarifies that those limitations do not apply to test-time compute systems. He compares it to how criticizing the limits of steam trains doesn't apply to modern electrified bullet trains—despite surface similarities, the underlying principles are fundamentally different.
He emphasizes that while specific techniques have predictable plateaus, research investment ensures the next technique is always found. Consequently, he expects post-training and TTA scaling to deliver at least another 10-100x improvement from current levels.
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