πR^2: Enabling 40ms Real-Time Reactivity for Robot Manipulation Policies

CMU-SCS · hf · 2026-07-31

Current large model-based robot manipulation policies typically use open-loop action chunking. Due to high latency in the perception-to-action pipeline, they cannot react quickly to new sensory input mid-execution.

Researchers from CMU introduced πR^2 to achieve real-time reactivity while retaining large backbones. Core innovations include:

Applied to GR00T-N1.7 on a real xArm6 platform, πR^2 achieves a 25Hz (every 40ms) replanning rate, 4x faster than the base policy. It improved success rates by up to 30% in real-world manipulation tasks.

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